What is novel about the Metaverse?

2023 | International Journal of Information Management | Citations: 0

Authors: Richter, Shahper; Richter, Alexander

Abstract: The Metaverse is not a radical departure. It is an incremental evolution. Previo ... Expand

Abstract: The Metaverse is not a radical departure. It is an incremental evolution. Previous virtual worlds, like Second Life, have laid the groundwork for the development of the Metaverse by providing valuable insights into virtual environments and social interactions. Studies of these earlier platforms contribute to a more nuanced under­ standing of what the Metaverse is, and what it is not. Based on studies of virtual worlds and by applying inductive processes of reflection and abstraction, we propose a framework that supports the identification of attributes that help differentiate the Metaverse from previous virtual worlds from a user experience perspective. We demon­ strate the value of the framework by comparing the Metaverse to Second Life. Our framework and comparative analysis ground the current discussions about the Metaverse deeper in the established discourse on virtual worlds. They also shed light on the potential impact of the Metaverse, the special role of its immersiveness and help us to identify lessons learned that can inform the Metaverse’s further development. Collapse

Topics: virtual world virtual reality user experience social network database system

Methods: cross sectional research literature sample design theory design requirement mixed method

THE EFFECT OF REGULATORY MEASURES ON INDIVIDUAL DATA DISCLOSURE: A COUNTRY COMPARISON

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Richthammer, Martin; Widjaja, Thomas

Abstract: Data protection regulations are various. While research has found regulations t ... Expand

Abstract: Data protection regulations are various. While research has found regulations to be an effective means for privacy in some data disclosure contexts, the ineffectiveness of most cookie banners is a negative example. Therefore, we investigate which contextual factors cause these differing results. Over a series of workshops with legal experts, we identified two main types of regulatory measures: measures with and without user action. Based on dual-process theories, we propose in this research-in-progress that regulations should involve users only in privacy decisions in high-effort contexts and should mandate privacy in low-effort contexts. To investigate this proposition, we plan to conduct a scenario-based survey where participants from six countries disclose data in a high-versus a low-effort context. By applying a hierarchical linear model, we want to group individual differences by regulatory differences of countries. The expected results will show whether effects of different regulatory measures on individual behavior are context-dependent. Collapse

Topics: privacy data protection information privacy law information privacy concern decision making

Methods: survey parametric test ANOVA hierarchical linear modeling longitudinal survey

Theories: dual-system theory privacy calculus theory

Adaptive Conversational Agents: Exploring the Effect of Individualized Design on User Experience

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Riefle, Lara; Alonso, Sebastian Alamo; Jungnitz, Mauricio; Rothmaier, Alexander; Wiegand, Henrik; Herrera, Ricardo; Benz, Carina

Abstract: Conversational agents (CA) offer a range of benefits to firms and users, yet us ... Expand

Abstract: Conversational agents (CA) offer a range of benefits to firms and users, yet user experiences are often unsatisfying. An explanation might be that individual differences of users are only insufficiently addressed in today's CA design. Drawing on communication accommodation theory, we develop a research model and study design to investigate how adapting CA design to users' individual characteristics influences the user experience. In particular, we develop text-based CAs (i.e., chatbots) that are adapted to users' rational/intuitive cognitive style or need for interaction, and compare the user experience to non-adapted CAs. Initial results from our pilot study (n=37) confirm that individualized CA design can enhance the user experience. We expect to contribute to the growing research field of adaptive CA design. Moreover, our results will provide guidance for developers on how to facilitate a pleasing user experience by adapting the CA design to users. Collapse

Topics: user experience usage intention individual characteristic user requirement Google+

Methods: experiment experimental group survey chatbot statistical power analysis

Approaches to Improve Fairness when Deploying AI-based Algorithms in Hiring -Using a Systematic Literature Review to Guide Future Research

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Rieskamp, J.; Hofeditz, L.; Mirbabaie, M.; Stieglitz, S.

Abstract: Algorithmic fairness in Information Systems (IS) is a concept that aims to miti ... Expand

Abstract: Algorithmic fairness in Information Systems (IS) is a concept that aims to mitigate systematic discrimination and bias in automated decision making. However, previous research argued that different fairness criteria are often incompatible. In hiring, AI is used to assess and rank applicants according to their fit for vacant positions. However, various types of bias also exist for AI-based algorithms (e.g., using biased historical data). To reduce AI's bias and thereby unfair treatment, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify suitable strategies for the context of hiring. We identified nine fundamental articles in this context and extracted four types of approaches to address unfairness in AI, namely pre-process, in-process, postprocess, and feature selection. Based on our findings, we (a) derived a research agenda for future studies and (b) proposed strategies for practitioners who design and develop AIs for hiring purposes. Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence database system human resource management

Methods: computational algorithm literature sample structured literature research literature study simulation

Needed Developments in the Understanding of Quasi-Factor Methods

2023 | Communications of the Association for Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Rigdon, Edward

Abstract: In this response to Evermann and Rönkkö (2023), I acknowledge areas of agreemen ... Expand

Abstract: In this response to Evermann and Rönkkö (2023), I acknowledge areas of agreement about applying partial least squares (PLS) path modeling but cite substantial disagreements. The authors encourage researchers to also consider generalized structured component analysis and regression component analysis as procedures built around weighted composites rather than common factors. We can best regard all of these methods as quasi-factor methods, which avoid the uncertainty of factor indeterminacy though they still rely on covariance structures similar to those in factor analysis. They remain useful tools for researchers. Collapse

Methods: factor analysis data transformation

Virtual Worlds in Education - A systematic Literature Review

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Rinn, Heidi; Khosrawi-Rad, Bijan; Grogorick, Linda; Robra-Bissantz, Susanne; Markgraf, Daniel

Abstract: Virtual worlds (VWs) are no novum in higher education but regain interest thro ... Expand

Abstract: Virtual worlds (VWs) are no novum in higher education but regain interest through COVID-19 restrictions, emerging technologies, and the metaverse hype. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature review to gain the current status quo of research in higher and further education to identify the educational activities, research areas, learning environments, technologies toward the metaverse, subjects taught, and the current state of design knowledge. The initially found 587 records were systematically filtered to 89 fully coded articles. Based on our results, we identify research gaps and derive research streams. Our results reveal a lack of research on social integration, course design, nontechnical target groups, and general design knowledge within the given context. The metaverse trend has reached educational research in the way that from 2016 onwards, new technologies are investigated selectively for educational purposes.2010 with 15 articles), or have a very specific focus (Clutterbuck et al., 2015). Current articles on the metaverse in education discuss potential application areas including social aspects like social activities, events, and interaction (Hwang and Chien, 2022;Zhang et al., 2022). These articles take a futureoriented perspective. Therefore, we address the lack of an up-to-date overview of current research on VWs and the metaverse. We also consider social aspects, which have increased in importance since the outbreak of COVID-19. Hence, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) focusing on multi-user environments. We aim to identify existing research for scholars and practitioners in the field to build upon. Based on this state-of-the-art, we intend to identify research gaps. We derive recommendations for future implementations of VWs in practice and contribute to the knowledge base in research. Therefore, we address the following two research questions (RQs). RQ1: What is the status quo of research on virtual worlds in multi-user environments?RQ2: What research streams can be derived from that status quo of research?The remainder of the article is structured as follows. First, we describe the theoretical background of VWs and related concepts (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, we will explain our methodological approach to conducting the SLR. Chapter 4 focuses on the results for different foci building on the taxonomy of Duncan et al. (2012) for VWs to contribute to answering RQ1. After that, we will discuss the results and derive future research streams to answer RQ2. The conclusion (Chapter 5) summarizes our contribution. Theoretical BackgroundThere are several different understandings of VWs and related terms (e.g., virtual environment), leading to the lack of a clear definition (Girvan, 2018). This inconsistent use in research, especially in education, makes results ambiguous or even impossible to build upon (Oliver, 2005;Girvan, 2018). To overcome this as much as possible, we follow the rather generic definition of Pannicke and Zarnekow (2009), that VWs are 3D environments that can be entered using avatars to navigate and communicate with. The communication aspect imputes multi-user capabilities and synchronicity. Avatars are an inherent part of VWs; they embody users, enable social interaction, and promote immersion and presence (Girvan and Savage, 2019). The VW is usually displayed on a standard computer screen (Okutsu et al., 2013). The related term virtual reality (VR) adds visual, aural, and haptic devices to improve immersion (Riva et al., 2007). The popularity of VWs in education arises from the advantages these solutions have.Besides the general advantages, like presence, immersion, and location independence (e.g., Lattemann and Stieglitz, 2012), there are more specific ones. These are dependent on the application scenario, like risk-free medical training (e.g., Bridge et al., 2007), action-oriented training on virtual 3D models that simulate real machines (e.g., Pletz and Zinn, 2020) or laboratories (Liu and Zhong, 2014) as well as the suitability for social interaction and networking (e.g., Mantymaki and Merikivi, 2010). The advantages in education do not mainly arise from the VW itself but from the pedagogical concept (Kerres and Preußler, 2012). The hype-term metaverse is blurry and in some papers used as a synonym for VW (e.g., Badilla Quintana and Meza Fernández, 2015; Augenstein and Morschheuser, 2022). A general definition of metaverse describes it as a "broad concept" (Davis et al., 2009, p. 91) without further specification or clear delimitation to VWs. Dionisio et al. (2013) propose a concretization by naming necessary features for connecting VWs to a metaverse, i.e., realism, ubiquity, interoperability, and scalability. Dwivedi et al. (2022) name technologies, like VR headsets or haptic devices, as a prerequisite for creating a metaverse. We conclude that VWs are a subset or a precursor of the metaverse. Collapse

Topics: virtual reality usability human computer interaction virtual world online learning system

Methods: literature sample kernel theory structured literature research qualitative content analysis oculometry

Theories: behavioral theory

Getting Trapped in Technical Debt: Sociotechnical Analysis of a Legacy System’s Replacement

2023 | Management Information Systems Quarterly | Citations: 0

Authors: Rinta-Kahila, Tapani; Penttinen, Esko; Lyytinen, Kalle

Abstract: Organizations replace their legacy systems for technical, economic, and operatio ... Expand

Abstract: Organizations replace their legacy systems for technical, economic, and operational reasons. Replacement is a risky proposition, as high levels of technical and social inertia make these systems hard to withdraw. Failure to fully replace systems results in complex system architectures involving manifold hidden dependencies that carry technical debt. To understand how a process for replacing a complex legacy system unfolds and accumulates technical debt, we conducted an explanatory case study at a local manufacturing site that had struggled to replace its mission-critical legacy systems as part of the larger global company’s commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) system implementation. We approach the replacement as a sociotechnical change and leverage the punctuated sociotechnical information system change model in combination with the design-moves framework to analyze how the site balanced creating digital options, countering social inertia, and managing (architectural) technical debt. The findings generalize to a two-level (local/global) system-dynamics model delineating how replacing a deeply entrenched mission-critical system generates positive and negative feedback loops within and between social and technical changes at local and global levels. The loops, unless addressed, accrue technical debt that hinders legacy system discontinuance and gradually locks the organization into a debt-constrained state. The model helps managers anticipate challenges that accompany replacing highly entrenched systems and formulate effective strategies to address them. Collapse

Topics: systems implementation enterprise resource planning IT governance enterprise architecture information system use

Methods: qualitative interview case study system dynamics triangulation archival research

Theories: socio technical theory theory of bounded rationality

The Vicious Circles of Skill Erosion: A Case Study of Cognitive Automation

2023 | Journal of the Association for Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Rinta-Kahila, Tapani; Penttinen, Esko; Salovaara, Antti; Soliman, Wael; Ruissalo, Joona

Abstract: Cognitive automation powered by advanced intelligent technologies is increasing ... Expand

Abstract: Cognitive automation powered by advanced intelligent technologies is increasingly enabling organizations to automate more of their knowledge work tasks. Although this often offers higher efficiency and lower costs, cognitive automation exacerbates the erosion of human skill and expertise in automated tasks. Accepting the erosion of obsolete skills is necessary to reap the benefits of technology-however, the erosion of essential human expertise is problematic if workers remain accountable for tasks for which they lack sufficient understanding, rendering them incapable of responding if the automation fails. Though the phenomenon is widely acknowledged, the dynamics behind such undesired skill erosion are poorly understood. Thus, taking the perspective of sociotechnical systems, we conducted a case study of an accounting firm that had experienced skill erosion over a number of years due to reliance on their software's automated functions. We synthesized our findings using causal loop modeling based on system dynamics. The resulting dynamic model explains skill erosion via an interplay between humans' automation reliance, complacency, and mindful conduction. It shows how increasing reliance on automation fosters complacency at both individual and organizational levels, weakening workers' mindfulness across three work task facets (activity awareness, competence maintenance, and output assessment), resulting in skill erosion. Such skill erosion may remain obscure, acknowledged by neither workers nor managers. We conclude by discussing the implications for theory and practice and identifying directions for future research.Walter Fernandez was the accepting senior editor. This research article was submitted on August 17, 2021 and underwent three revisions.Tapani Rinta-Kahila is a lecturer of business information systems at The University of Queensland Business School. His research focuses on issues around the implementation and management of artificial intelligence systems in organizations, unintended consequences of IT use, and decommissioning of organizational IT systems. Tapani obtained his doctoral degree from Aalto University School of Business in 2018 with an award-winning dissertation. Rinta-Kahila's research has appeared in top IS journals, including MIS Quarterly, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, European Journal of Information Systems, Information & Management, and MIS Quarterly Executive. His work has also informed practice through industry reports co-authored with The SAP Institute for Digital Government.Esko Penttinen is an associate professor (tenured) of information systems at the Aalto University School of Business. Penttinen holds a DSc in information systems science and an MSc in economics from the Helsinki School of Economics. Penttinen's research helps organizations understand the intricacies related to the design and implementation of various forms of artificial intelligence, harnessing its benefits and avoiding the pitfalls. Penttinen is an avid student of the interplay between humans and machines, curious to generate insights on how to coordinate work tasks efficiently between the two. Penttinen's research has also addressed the more traditional information systems topics such as organizational governance issues related to outsourcing and virtual work. Penttinen's main practical expertise lies in the assimilation and economic implications of interorganizational information systems, focusing on application areas such as electronic financial systems, government reporting, and electronic invoicing. Penttinen's research has appeared in leading IS outlets such as MIS Quarterly, Joona Ruissalo is a doctoral researcher in information systems science at the Aalto University School of Business. His research explores how the design, development, and use of cognitive technologies such as robotic process automation and artificial intelligence transform professional knowledge-intensive work. He currently studies these sociotechnical issues in the domain of financial accounting. Collapse

Topics: accounting mindfulness artificial intelligence knowledge work process automation system

Methods: qualitative interview case study applicability check personal interview triangulation

Theories: sociotechnical systems theory socio technical theory

On the performance of blockchain-based token offerings

2023 | Electronic Markets | Citations: 0

Authors: Risius, Marten; Breidbach, Christoph F.; Chanson, Mathieu; von Krannichfeldt, Ruben; Wortmann, Felix

Abstract: Initial coin offerings (ICOs) and initial exchange offerings (IEOs) are distinct ... Expand

Abstract: Initial coin offerings (ICOs) and initial exchange offerings (IEOs) are distinct blockchain-based token offerings. Following multiple frauds associated with decentralized and unregulated ICOs, IEOs are emerging as a novel pathway that relies on centralized crypto exchange platforms acting as intermediaries. However, the question as to how this shift affects fundraising processes in what has traditionally been a decentralized environment remains unresolved. We here address this issue by empirically comparing the performance of ICOs and IEOs through the lens of signaling theory, focusing specifically on the impact of social media information across 305 token offerings (ICOs and IEOs). Our work introduces IEOs and explains how and why the volume and sentiment of social media signals may serve as predictors of fundraising performance. We furthermore find that the impact of these electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) media signals is reduced in the case of IEOs—in the presence of a central cryptocurrency exchange platform mediator. We delineate implications for investors, ventures, platform providers, and regulators alike. Collapse

Topics: online word of mouth word of mouth blockchain social media Reddit

Methods: regression analysis method data transformation sentiment analysis experiment chi squared test

Theories: lemon market theory signaling theory

GETTING INTO FLOW!? ENHANCE FLOW-LIKE EXPERIENCES AND LEARNING PERFORMANCE THROUGH PERSONALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITIES

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Ritz, Eva

Abstract: Although intelligent learning systems provide new opportunities for personalizi ... Expand

Abstract: Although intelligent learning systems provide new opportunities for personalizing learning activities, important design questions remain. To unleash the full impact of such systems, it is vital to examine how the use of Bayesian knowledge tracing can provide learners personalized learning activities and shape their flow experience, performance, and continuity intention. Further, this study explores the moderating role of a growth mindset on the relation between learning task adaptation and flow experience. I rely on electroencephalography to increase the internal validity of flow measurements. The study builds on Flow Theory and aims to empirically unveil the influence of an intelligent personalization of learning processes. The next step will be an experiment with 80 participants following the developed experimental design to evaluate flow experiences in intelligent learning systems. The results of this experiment aim to guide educational designers with prescriptive knowledge on how to design flow-like learning experiences in intelligent learning systems. Collapse

Topics: usability personalization online learning system data quality knowledge representation

Methods: experiment survey electroencephalography experimental design ontological modelling

Theories: flow theory