Social Exchange and the Reciprocity Roller Coaster: Evidence from the Life and Death of Virtual Teams

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 1

Authors: Hergueux, Jérôme; Henry, Emeric; Benkler, Yochai; Algan, Yann

Abstract: Organizations are riddled with cooperation problems, that is, instances in which ... Expand

Abstract: Organizations are riddled with cooperation problems, that is, instances in which workers need to voluntarily exert effort to achieve efficient collective outcomes. To sustain high levels of cooperation, the experimental literature demonstrates the centrality of reciprocal preferences but has also overlooked some of its negative consequences. In this paper, we ran lab-in-the-field experiments in the context of open-source software development teams to provide the first field evidence that highly reciprocating groups are not necessarily more successful in practice. Instead, the relationship between high reciprocity and performance can be more accurately described as U-shaped. Highly reciprocal teams are generally more likely to fail and only outperform other teams conditional on survival. We use the dynamic structure of our data on field contributions to demonstrate the underlying theoretical mechanism. Reciprocal preferences work as a catalyst at the team level: they reinforce the cooperative equilibrium in good times but also make it harder to recover from a negative signal (the project dies). Our results call into question the idea that strong reciprocity can shield organizations from cooperation breakdowns. Instead, cooperation needs to be dynamically managed through relational contracts.History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory.Funding: This research was funded by the consolidator grant agreement [Grant 647870] from the European Research Council, European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Yann Algan).Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1515. Collapse

Topics: public good programming language open source virtual teamwork organizational success

Methods: experiment ordinary least square archival research descriptive statistic survey

Stop ordering machine learning algorithms by their explainability! A user-centered investigation of performance and explainability

2023 | International Journal of Information Management | Citations: 0

Authors: Herm, Lukas-Valentin; Heinrich, Kai; Wanner, Jonas; Janiesch, Christian

Abstract: Machine learning algorithms enable advanced decision making in contemporary inte ... Expand

Abstract: Machine learning algorithms enable advanced decision making in contemporary intelligent systems. Research indicates that there is a tradeoff between their model performance and explainability. Machine learning models with higher performance are often based on more complex algorithms and therefore lack explainability and vice versa. However, there is little to no empirical evidence of this tradeoff from an end user perspective. We aim to provide empirical evidence by conducting two user experiments. Using two distinct datasets, we first measure the tradeoff for five common classes of machine learning algorithms. Second, we address the problem of end user perceptions of explainable artificial intelligence augmentations aimed at increasing the understanding of the decision logic of high-performing complex models. Our results diverge from the widespread assumption of a tradeoff curve and indicate that the tradeoff between model performance and explainability is much less gradual in the end user’s perception. This is a stark contrast to assumed inherent model interpretability. Further, we found the tradeoff to be situational for example due to data complexity. Results of our second experiment show that while explainable artificial intelligence augmentations can be used to increase explainability, the type of explanation plays an essential role in end user perception. Collapse

Topics: explainable artificial intelligence artificial intelligence task productivity data quality decision making

Methods: computational algorithm deep learning survey experiment random forest classification

IMPACT OF EXPLAINABLE AI ON COGNITIVE LOAD: INSIGHTS FROM AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Herm, Lukas-Valentin

Abstract: While the emerging research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) ... Expand

Abstract: While the emerging research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) claims to address the lack of explainability in high-performance machine learning models, in practice, XAI targets developers rather than actual end-users. Unsurprisingly, end-users are often unwilling to use XAI-based decision support systems. Similarly, there is limited interdisciplinary research on end-users' behavior during XAI explanations usage, rendering it unknown how explanations may impact cognitive load and further affect end-user performance. Therefore, we conducted an empirical study with 271 prospective physicians, measuring their cognitive load, task performance, and task time for distinct implementationindependent XAI explanation types using a COVID-19 use case. We found that these explanation types strongly influence end-users' cognitive load, task performance, and task time. Further, we contextualized a mental efficiency metric, ranking local XAI explanation types best, to provide recommendations for future applications and implications for sociotechnical XAI research. Collapse

Topics: explainable artificial intelligence task productivity artificial intelligence decision support system shapley additive explanation

Methods: descriptive statistic statistical hypothesis test literature study machine learning survey

Theories: theory of abduction

STAY FLEXIBLE: A PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MONITORING APPROACH FOR ENERGY FLEXIBILITY-ORIENTED PROCESS SCHEDULES

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Hermann, Julia; Rusche, Simon; Moder, Linda; Weibelzahl, Martin

Abstract: The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources poses major challe ... Expand

Abstract: The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources poses major challenges for balancing increasingly weather-dependent energy supply and demand. Demand-side energy flexibility, offered particularly by companies, is seen as a promising and necessary approach to address these challenges. Process mining provides significant potential to prevent a deterioration of product quality or process flows due to flexibilization and allows for exploiting monetary benefits associated with flexible process operation. Hence, we follow the design science research paradigm to develop PM4Flex, a prescriptive process monitoring approach, that generates recommendations for pending process flows optimized under fluctuating power prices by implementing established energy flexibility measures. Thereby, we consider company-and process-specific constraints as well as historic event logs. We demonstrate and evaluate PM4Flex by implementing it as a software prototype and applying it to exemplary data from a heating and air conditioning company, observing considerable cost savings of 1.56ct per kWh or 34.35%. Collapse

Topics: process mining procurement management database system virtualization technology energy information system

Methods: event log design artifact optimization model literature study design science

How Personal Finance Management Systems Emancipate and Oppress Young People

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Herrala, Juha-Matti; Vartiainen, Tero; Koskelainen, Tiina

Abstract: In order to achieve financial well-being, individuals need to make sensible fina ... Expand

Abstract: In order to achieve financial well-being, individuals need to make sensible financial decisions. Personal finance management (PFM) systems help individuals with saving, budgeting, consumption, borrowing, and lending tasks. As much as these systems help individuals, they may also have unintended consequences. This study increases the knowledge of how PFM systems emancipate and oppress young people. We used an interpretive research approach and collected qualitative data. Our major finding is that PFM systems emancipate young people by promoting agency (the freedom to act) due to the efficient implementation of PFM tasks, for example. These systems also oppress users by hindering rationality (the freedom to think) due to stress and encouraging users to make decisions too quickly, for example. Based on the results, we offer implications for the development and research on PFM systems to reduce oppression and promote emancipation in young people. Collapse

Topics: unintended consequence

Methods: survey

Signals of Transition in Crisis Management: Insights from a Study of Social Media Use in Public Service Organizations

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Herrera, L.; Gjøsæter, T.; Majchrzak, T.; Thapa, D.

Abstract: In crisis informatics, little attention is placed on how transitions occur betw ... Expand

Abstract: In crisis informatics, little attention is placed on how transitions occur between periods of crisis and non-crisis. The analysis of transition behaviors in organizations could respond to both the cyclicality of risk and crisis management, and the need for continuity of services provided to the community. In studying transitions, we focus on social media use as a support system. Thus, with the objective to gain an insight into how sociotechnical systems navigate through periods of crisis and non-crisis, we leverage individual experiences that rely on social media as a source of information in public service organizations and developers of social media analytics support tools. The main contribution of this study is the explanation and conceptualization on how transitions happen by framing social media as a support system of information for crisis management. In addition, we highlight the return to a new steady-state, an overlooked area of organizational transitions and continuity. Collapse

Topics: social media emergency management social media analytics situational awareness information technology capability

Methods: qualitative interview theory development qualitative content analysis

Theories: punctuated equilibrium theory organizational behavior theory sociotechnical systems theory

The emergence of smart service ecosystems—The role of socio-technical antecedents and affordances

2023 | Information Systems Journal | Citations: 0

Authors: Herterich, Matthias M.; Dremel, Christian; Wulf, Jochen; vom Brocke, Jan

Abstract: As physical products are increasingly augmented with digital technology, manufac ... Expand

Abstract: As physical products are increasingly augmented with digital technology, manufacturing firms have become part of the development of so-called smart products and smart services. As such, manufacturing firms are challenged by new market participants and ecosystem partners, particularly from the software development industry, and by the dynamic nature of business relationships. While the academic literature on the distinctive characteristics of ecosystems, particularly digital ecosystems, is rich, the effect of smart service ecosystems' emergence on the foundation of smart products remains uncertain. This study reports on case study research based on 47 semi-structured interviews with four companies that participate in an industrial smart service ecosystem. Taking an affordance-theoretic perspective, we uncover the antecedents of and the process of emergent smart service ecosystems. We find that smart service ecosystems have three socio-technical antecedents: a shared worldview, structural flexibility and integrity, and architecture of participation. We explain the emergence of smart service ecosystems as the result of specialisation in shared affordances and integration of idiosyncratic affordances into collective affordances. We derive seven propositions regarding the emergence of smart services, outline opportunities for further research, and present practical guidelines for manufacturing firms. Collapse

Topics: affordance smart device value creation user experience innovation management

Methods: qualitative interview qualitative coding case study focus group personal interview

Theories: theory of affordance stakeholder theory service-dominant logic

ChatGPT and GPTZero in Research and Social Media: A Sentiment- and Topic-based Analysis

2023 | Americas Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Heumann, Maximilian; Kraschewski, Tobias; Breitner, Michael H.

Abstract: Conversational AI agents like ChatGPT have gained considerable attention in rec ... Expand

Abstract: Conversational AI agents like ChatGPT have gained considerable attention in recent years, with potential implications across various domains. However, there is a gap in understanding the prevailing opinions, topics, and concerns of the public and research communities regarding these technologies. This study conducts a semi-automated analysis of over 1,006,000 tweets and 279 scholarly articles to explore perspectives on ChatGPT and its potential misuse for plagiarism, as well as the comparatively lower interest in GPTZero, a technology designed to counter AI-driven plagiarism. Employing advanced natural language processing techniques, such as sentiment analysis and topic modeling, we identify challenges and opportunities related to ChatGPT and GPTZero. Our findings uncover potential areas for improvement and provide guidance for future research and development in the field of conversational AI. Collapse

Topics: Twitter artificial intelligence human computer interaction usability Python

Methods: chatGPT topic model chatbot sentiment analysis natural language processing

Research Challenges for the Design of Human-Artificial Intelligence Systems (HAIS)

2023 | ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Hevner, Alan; Storey, Veda

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities are increasingly common components of ... Expand

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities are increasingly common components of all socio-technical information systems that integrate human and machine actions. The impacts of AI components on the design and use of application systems are evolving rapidly as improved deep learning techniques and fresh big data sources afford effective and efficient solutions for broad ranges of applications. New goals and requirements for Human-AI System (HAIS) functions and qualities are emerging, whereas the boundaries between human and machine behaviors continue to blur. This research commentary identifies and addresses the design science research (DSR) challenges facing the field of Information Systems as the demand for human-machine synergies in Human-Artificial Intelligence Systems surges in all application areas. The design challenges of HAIS are characterized by a taxonomy of eight C's - composition, complexity, creativity, confidence, controls, conscience, certification, and contribution. By applying a design science research frame to structure and investigate HAIS design, implementation, use, and evolution, we propose a forward-thinking agenda for relevant and rigorous information systems research contributions. Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence systems design

Methods: design science

Ethical management of human-AI interaction: Theory development review

2023 | Journal of Strategic Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Heyder, Teresa; Passlack, Nina; Posegga, Oliver

Abstract: AI-based technologies have changed the nature of the symbiosis between humans an ... Expand

Abstract: AI-based technologies have changed the nature of the symbiosis between humans and AI, and so strategic management of human-AI interaction in organizations requires deeper ethical consid­ erations. Aligning AI with human values requires a systematic understanding of the ethical management of human-AI interaction. We conduct a theoretical review, from a sociotechnical perspective, and analyze ethical management of human-AI interaction through the lens of soci­ omateriality. Our systematic approach helps explain and clarify the interdependencies between two ethical perspectives – duty and virtue ethics – in sociotechnical systems. We also provide a theoretical framework that leads to seven avenues for future research. Collapse

Topics: human AI collaboration artificial intelligence database system strategic management responsible artificial intelligence

Methods: literature sample theory development literature study synthesis chatGPT

Theories: sociomaterialism theory socio technical theory sociotechnical systems theory