When Reflection Hurts: The Effect of Cognitive Processing Types on Organizational Adaptation to Discontinuous Change

2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 1

Authors: Alves, Marlon Fernandes Rodrigues; Vastola, Vincenzo; Vasconcelos Ribeiro Galina, Simone; Zollo, Maurizio

Abstract: Technological breakthroughs, institutional disruptions, and natural disasters of ... Expand

Abstract: Technological breakthroughs, institutional disruptions, and natural disasters often alter the course of organizations and entire industries. Such discontinuous changes threaten organizations’ survival by affecting the value of the knowledge accumulated in routines and capabilities. Although it is widely acknowledged that managerial cognition is a critical antecedent of organizational responses to discontinuous change, the role of type 1 (intuitive) and type 2 (reflective) processing in the adaptation of shared patterns of behavior, that is, routines, remains understudied. Drawing on dual-process theory, we propose that particular features of type 1 processing render this approach superior to type 2 processing, especially in highly ambiguous environments in which information is limited and difficult to verify. We tested our hypotheses in a longitudinal experiment linking individual-level factors with organizational-level practices of routine adaptation. Experienced managers, paired in 80 groups, developed routines in a first round of a simulation game; in a second round, we then introduced a discontinuous change making previous routines obsolete in order to observe how they adapted. The data show that priming type 1 processing facilitates organizational adaptation more than type 2 processing by providing faster, more routinized, efficiently coordinated, and optimal responses. In addition, type 1 appears to be more functional in highly ambiguous environments, whereas type 1 and type 2 processes yield similar levels of performance under low levels of ambiguity. Overall, our study advances the understanding of the nondeliberative dimension of organizational adaptation to discontinuous change.History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory.Funding: This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001).Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1517. Collapse

Topics: decision making strategic management innovation management problem solving task productivity

Methods: experiment longitudinal research parametric test ANOVA statistical hypothesis test

Theories: dual-system theory dynamic capabilities theory

Learning not to take the bait: a longitudinal examination of digital training methods and overlearning on phishing susceptibility

2023 | European Journal of Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Nguyen, Christopher; Jensen, Matthew; Day, Eric

Abstract: As phishing becomes increasingly sophisticated and costly, interventions that im ... Expand

Abstract: As phishing becomes increasingly sophisticated and costly, interventions that improve and prolong resistance to attacks are needed. Previous research supported digital training as a method to reduce phishing susceptibility. However, the effects of training degrade with time. Therefore, we investigate overlearning as an approach that may increase skill retention through repetition and developing automaticity. We performed a longitudinal experiment crossing overlearning with anti-phishing digital training (rule-based, mindfulness, and control). Participants were tested using email identification tests (immediately following and 10 weeks after training) and mock phishing messages delivered to their inboxes (1 week and 8 weeks following training). Results showed that compared to rule-based training, mindfulness training resulted in significantly greater retention in terms of better email discrimination and less susceptibility to phishing attacks but similar levels of caution towards phishing after 2 months. Overlearning resulted in significantly less susceptibility to phishing attacks and more caution towards phishing compared to no overlearning but did not impact the digital training approaches. Even so, mindfulness was more beneficial compared to overlearning. Altogether, the results demonstrate the stability of the benefits of mindfulness training over time in terms of mitigating phishing susceptibility without influencing the chances of missing legitimate emails. Collapse

Topics: phishing electronic mail mindfulness email phishing self efficacy

Methods: survey longitudinal research experiment survey design longitudinal experiment

Theories: signal detection theory big five model

Best of Both Worlds: The Inclusion of Gamification in Virtual Lab Environments to Increase Educational Value

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Shadbad, F.; Bahr, G.; Luse, A.; Hammer, B.

Abstract: Previous research investigating gamification and virtual laboratories has sugge ... Expand

Abstract: Previous research investigating gamification and virtual laboratories has suggested that both are successful in educational outcomes, but few have looked at both gamification and virtual labs in tandem. This research explores the idea of investigating both contexts within one unified platform. We examine whether gamification within virtual labs is effective in enhancing learners' educational performance. Particularly, we employ leaderboards as a motivational gamification mechanism for more engagement and participation that can result in higher learning outcomes. Using a sample of students, our results show that utilization of gamification within a virtual lab environment causes students to exhibit higher performance in terms of more task accomplishments (specifically more complex tasks) and higher self-efficacy. The current findings show promising evidence on the positive influence of gamification within virtual lab learning environments. Collapse

Topics: gamification self efficacy electronic mail task productivity personality

Methods: chi squared test experiment longitudinal research descriptive statistic analysis of covariance

How product review voting is influenced by existing votes, consumer involvement, review valence, and review diagnosticity

2023 | Decision Support Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Tseng, Shih-Lun; Lu, Shuya; Weathers, Danny; Grover, Varun

Abstract: Websites that allow consumers to post online reviews often allow others to signa ... Expand

Abstract: Websites that allow consumers to post online reviews often allow others to signal the value of the reviews by voting for them as being helpful (i.e., an upvote) or unhelpful (i.e., a downvote). Although a review's content should drive votes, herd behavior may also be operative if consumers discount their own judgments of the review based on signals others provide. Using a field study of online product reviews from Amazon, a longitudinal experiment, and two cross-sectional experiments, we find evidence for herd behavior: consumers' voting de­ cisions and intentions are influenced by others' votes. However, this effect is complex with multiple moderating factors, including consumer involvement, review valence, and review diagnosticity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for reducing the potential negative effects of herd behavior in the context of online reviews. Collapse

Topics: online review Reddit Twitter electronic commerce user-generated content

Methods: computational algorithm longitudinal research longitudinal experiment statistical hypothesis test parametric test

Theories: signaling theory

Moving Consumers from Free to Fee in Platform-Based Markets: An Empirical Study of Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Games

2023 | Information Systems Research | Citations: 0

Authors: Wang, Le; Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Luo, Xin (Robert); Li, Han

Abstract: Companies in platform-based business markets have widely embraced freemium busin ... Expand

Abstract: Companies in platform-based business markets have widely embraced freemium business models where profit primarily depends on a minority of paying customers. However, the key challenge of these models is transitioning participants from free users to paying consumers. To encourage paid consumption, companies often rely on product differentiation such as providing consumers who pay for products or services with enhanced features. However, limited research has addressed how such product differentiation may convert consumers from “free” to “fee.” Our research examines the multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game as a compelling example of a freemium platform-based business model. We contribute to the freemium literature by introducing three new MOBA-specific differentiations—character competency, character variety, and character-appearance differentiation. We also extend consumption values theory into a dual-path model to unveil the underlying mechanisms through which product differentiation influences in-game purchase. We empirically validate our dual-path model using data from a two-wave longitudinal experiment and three cross-sectional experiments. Our findings support opposing mediating paths for product differentiation in character competency and variety and indicate that these two types of differentiation can indeed undermine perceived game fairness. Conversely, character-appearance differentiation exerts only a positive influence on players’ purchasing of in-game items. Consequently, the findings of this study have important potential implications for platform-based companies leveraging freemium business models that seek to increase their share of paying customers.History: Eric Zheng, Senior Editor; Robert Gregory, Associate Editor.Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71901172, 72171189, and 72132007], the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [Grant 2020M673434], and the Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province [Grant 2021D002].Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2022.1127. Collapse

Topics: product differentiation free to play game social identity business model electronic mail

Methods: experiment survey experimental group longitudinal experiment longitudinal research

Explaining the Outcomes of Social Gamification: A Longitudinal Field Experiment

2023 | Journal of Management Information Systems | Citations: 1

Authors: Zhang, Jun; Jiang, Qiqi; Zhang, Wenping; Kang, Lele; Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Zhang, Xiong

Abstract: Social gamification, which allows technology users to interact with each other i ... Expand

Abstract: Social gamification, which allows technology users to interact with each other in gamified tasks, has drawn increasing interest due to its effectiveness in facilitating users' game engagement and task efforts. In social gamification, users can compete or cooperate with other users or teams to complete game tasks and achieve game goals. However, it remains unclear how various social interaction mechanisms (SIMs), such as cooperation, interpersonal competition, and intergroup competition, influence gamification outcomes when they are separately or jointly implemented. In addition, the effects of SIMs on experiential and instrumental gamification outcomes have not been well differentiated. In this study, we systematically investigate the influences of these fundamental SIMs, as well as the possible interaction effects among them, on fitness app users' game engagement and fitness behavior. Using a fitness app custom-developed for the Chinese market, Fitness Castle, we conducted a longitudinal field experiment to test our proposed model and hypotheses. The results indicate that when separately implemented, cooperation and interpersonal competition can lead to differential instrumental gamification outcomes in the fitness context. We also systematically compare the differential gamification outcomes when cooperation, interpersonal competition, and intergroup competition are combined in various coopetition settings. Our study offers a theory-based framework and design principles for social gamification. Our findings help practitioners better design SIMs in their gamified technologies with the purpose of achieving optimal experiential and instrumental gamification outcomes simultaneously. Collapse

Topics: gamification mobile application pandemic geographic information system electronic mail

Methods: field experiment experimental group longitudinal research design artifact survey

When Can AI Reduce Individuals’ Anchoring Bias and Enhance Decision Accuracy? Evidence from Multiple Longitudinal Experiments

2022 | HICSS | Citations: 0

Authors: Lee, Kyootai; Woo, Han-Gyun; Cho, Wooje; De Jong, Simon

Abstract: This study aimed to identify and explain the mechanism underlying decision-makin ... Expand

Abstract: This study aimed to identify and explain the mechanism underlying decision-making behaviors adaptive to AI advice. We develop a new theoretical framework by drawing on the anchoring effect and the literature on experiential learning. We focus on two factors: (1) the difference between individuals’ initial estimates and AI advice and (2) the existence of a second anchor (i.e., previous-year credit scores). We conducted two longitudinal experiments in the corporate credit rating context, where correct answers exist stochastically. We found that individuals exhibit some paradoxical behaviors. With greater differences and no second anchor, individuals are more likely to make adjustment efforts, but their initial estimates remain strong anchors. Yet, in multiple-anchor contexts individuals tend to diminish dependence on their initial estimates. We also found that the accuracy of individuals was dependent on their debiasing efforts. Collapse

Topics: artificial intelligence decision making database system decision support system intellectual property

Methods: experiment longitudinal experiment machine learning decision tree classification linear regression analysis

Theories: experiential learning theory

Deliberate news consumption through the quantified self and the self-regulatory process

2022 | Information & Management | Citations: 0

Authors: Lee, Seongwon; Suh, Kil-Soo

Abstract: Many internet news sites have introduced recommendation systems to help users mi ... Expand

Abstract: Many internet news sites have introduced recommendation systems to help users mitigate information overload. However, these systems may exacerbate mindless information consumption by reducing opportunities for people to voluntarily select news. We propose prototypes of personal informatics tools based on a self-regulatory process and quantified self-theories, which can be used to help people fulfill a eudaimonic motivation through selfobservation and self-control and thus lead to deliberate news consumption. A longitudinal field experiment demonstrates that self-control and self-observation tools promote deliberate news consumption and reveals synergistic effects between the two tools. Our results indicate that the effect of the self-observation tool persists longer. Collapse

Topics: recommender system smartphone usability personalization internet technology

Methods: experiment parametric test ANOVA two-way ANOVA longitudinal research

Theories: theory of affordance

The Effects of Gamification Rewards in E-Learning: A Longitudinal Field Study on Motivation and Mental Fatigue

2022 | International Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Luo, Jihao; Yin, Jiamin; Teo, Hock-Hai

Abstract: E-Learning, as a prevalent instructional approach in the midst of the COVID-19 ... Expand

Abstract: E-Learning, as a prevalent instructional approach in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, is often criticized for reducing motivation and increasing mental fatigue among learners. Despite the attractiveness of various gamification designs to resolve these issues, there still exists a lack of comprehensive and integrated understanding of the pedagogic effectiveness of gamification rewards. Motivated thus, this study assesses and compares four different types of gamification rewards: unexpected-hedonic rewards, expected-hedonic rewards, unexpected-utilitarian rewards, and expected-utilitarian rewards. Drawing from self-determination theory and opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance, this study evaluates the effect of gamification reward type on learning motivation and mental fatigue. The effect of gamification reward type will be examined in a longitudinal field experiment in an introductory undergraduate computer science course. Collapse

Topics: gamification intrinsic motivation online learning system task productivity

Methods: longitudinal research field experiment experiment parametric test longitudinal experiment

Theories: self determination theory

Retargeting Ads for Shopping Cart Recovery: Online Field Experiments

2022 | International Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0

Authors: Moriguchi, Takeshi; Xiong, Guiyang; Luo, Xueming

Abstract: Retargeting ads (RA) aim to convert customers who previously browsed the websit ... Expand

Abstract: Retargeting ads (RA) aim to convert customers who previously browsed the websites or abandoned shopping-carts. We exploit several randomized field experiments to test how the effects of RA vary depending on ad-copy content and purchase-funnel stages. Results suggest that compared to hold-out without retargeting, RA in lower funnel based on shopping-cart abandonment history significantly enhances purchase responses. The effects are driven by ad content that highlights product return information rather than product reminder or shipping information. Due to lack of touch/feel/trial of online orders, such ad-copy can nudge customers to try the products by reducing shopping risks and, thus, increase purchase rates. Net revenue for RAs with product return information is 49.7% larger than conventional RAs with product information. Also, lower funnel retargeting is 2.25 times as effective as upper funnel retargeting in lifting purchase rates. These findings indicate how to design RAs to recover abandoned carts and boost sales. Collapse

Topics: electronic commerce website online advertising electronic mail marketing management

Methods: experiment longitudinal research field experiment randomized field experiment ANOVA