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Explainable artificial intelligence in information systems: A review of the status quo and future research directions
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2023 | Electronic Markets | Citations: 4
Authors: Brasse, Julia; Broder, Hanna Rebecca; Förster, Maximilian; Klier, Mathias; Sigler, Irina

Abstract: The quest to open black box artificial intelligence (AI) systems evolved into an ... Expand

Abstract: The quest to open black box artificial intelligence (AI) systems evolved into an emerging phenomenon of global interest for academia, business, and society and brought about the rise of the research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). With its pluralistic view, information systems (IS) research is predestined to contribute to this emerging field; thus, it is not surprising that the number of publications on XAI has been rising significantly in IS research. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of XAI research in IS in general and electronic markets in particular using a structured literature review. Based on a literature search resulting in 180 research papers, this work provides an overview of the most receptive outlets, the development of the academic discussion, and the most relevant underlying concepts and methodologies. Furthermore, eight research areas with varying maturity in electronic markets are carved out. Finally, directions for a research agenda of XAI in IS are presented. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: explainable artificial intelligence artificial intelligence user requirement electronic market user experience

Methods: literature study literature sample cluster analysis synthesis machine learning

Theories: information systems theory activity theory agency theory attribution theory cognitive fit theory
Blockchain-based Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance for Fractional Ownership: Design and Implementation of A Decentralized Autonomous Agent System

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0
Authors: Cu, Mina; Peko, Gabrielle; Chan, Johnny; Sundaram, David

Abstract: Fractional ownership makes homeownership more affordable. But there are challeng ... Expand

Abstract: Fractional ownership makes homeownership more affordable. But there are challenges in a fractional ownership real estate transaction (FORET) regarding governance, risk management and compliance (GRC) processes. Centralized GRC solutions are less effective in managing the tiered structure of communications in a FORET, which can lead to principal-agent problems such as information asymmetry, risk aversion, and moral hazard. In this research we investigate how these principal-agent problems in FORET could be mitigated. Using an agency theory perspective, we adopt a design science multimethodological research approach. We propose conceptual and system artefacts to support the design and implementation of a decentralized autonomous agent system. These artefacts deliver a formal problem representation structure related to centralized GRC in fractional ownership. We illustrate our solution with a system prototype and implementation. We evaluate the research outputs and compare them with existing GRC systems. This paper contributes to the understanding of GRC in supporting fractional ownership decision making. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: blockchain decision making cloud computing smart contract moral hazard

Methods: design artifact design artifact testing design science field study theory development

Theories: agency theory lemon market theory
Challenges in the Model Development Process: Discussions with Data Scientists
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2023 | Communications of the Association for Information Systems | Citations: 0
Authors: Gerhart, Natalie; Torres, Russell; Giddens, Laurie

Abstract: Businesses are increasingly seeking out analytics to improve decision-making pr ... Expand

Abstract: Businesses are increasingly seeking out analytics to improve decision-making processes, although often with hesitations. Decision makers often do not have the sophisticated analytical skills needed to fully understand the analytics process. Contrastingly, data scientists may lack the business acumen needed to fully grasp the business context of the decision. In this research, we consider the perspective of the data scientist through a series of interviews to draw out challenges in the analytics process. We use principal-agent theory as a lens to shape our understanding of the conflict that arises due to goal misalignment and information asymmetry between the principal and agent. Findings are presented in the CRISP-DM process and a future research agenda is proposed. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: decision making implicit knowledge data quality organizational impact organizational memory

Methods: Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining qualitative interview theory development mathematical model literature study

Theories: agency theory lemon market theory theory of bounded rationality
Task delegation from AI to humans: A principal-agent perspective

2023 | International Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0
Authors: Guggenberger, Tobias; Lämmermann, Luis; Urbach, Nils; Walter, Anna; Hofmann, Peter

Abstract: Increasingly intelligent AI artifacts in human-AI systems perform tasks more au ... Expand

Abstract: Increasingly intelligent AI artifacts in human-AI systems perform tasks more autonomously as entities that guide human actions, even changing the direction of task delegation between humans and AI. It has been shown that human-AI systems achieve better results when the AI artifact takes the leading role and delegates tasks to a human rather than the other way around. This study presents phenomena, conflicts, and challenges that arise in this process, explored through the theoretical lens of principalagent theory (PAT). The findings are derived from a systematic literature review and an exploratory interview study and are placed in the context of existing constructs of PAT. Furthermore, this article paper identifies new causes of tensions that arise specifically in AI-to-human delegation and calls for special mechanisms beyond the classical solutions of PAT. The paper thus contributes to the understanding of autonomous AI and its implications for human-AI delegation. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: artificial intelligence human computer interaction human AI collaboration explainable artificial intelligence software developer

Methods: qualitative interview personal interview structured literature research qualitative coding computational algorithm

Theories: lemon market theory agency theory
Managing Uncertainty: An Experiment on Delegation and Team Selection
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2023 | Organization Science | Citations: 0
Authors: Hamman, John R.; Martínez-Carrasco, Miguel A.

Abstract: We study how organizations use team selection and delegation of authority jointl ... Expand

Abstract: We study how organizations use team selection and delegation of authority jointly to navigate uncertain environments. To do so, we model a managerial decision environment in which a manager both determines the skill heterogeneity of the workers and determines whether to retain or delegate the ability to allocate tasks. Delegation enables better-informed workers to allocate tasks more efficiently when uncertainty is high relative to the incentive conflict between manager and worker. Our novel approach allows us to illustrate that this conflict is endogenously determined by the team selection decision. Experimental data support—although not globally—the direction of our theoretical hypotheses and offer insight into how and why choices deviate from expected behavior. Notably, we identify behavioral characteristics that aid decisions along each dimension. Deliberative thinking improves all decisions under low uncertainty and improves team selection regardless of the level of uncertainty. Risk tolerance improves all decisions in highly uncertain situations and helps managers optimally delegate decision rights in all settings. The results highlight potentially costly ways in which managers seek to simplify their decisions but show how deliberative thinking and risk tolerance can improve performance in a complementary manner.History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory.Funding: The authors thank Florida State University and the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics for financial support.Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1545. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: organization structure environmental uncertainty data quality decision making task interdependence

Methods: experiment regression analysis method logistic regression descriptive statistic parametric test

Theories: organizational theory transaction cost economics agency theory theory of bounded rationality
Contract Choice, Moral Hazard, and Performance Evaluation: Evidence from Online Labor Markets

2023 | HICSS | Citations: 0
Authors: Huang, Peng; Wang, Yifei

Abstract: Due to the spatial and temporal separations between clients and freelancers, onl ... Expand

Abstract: Due to the spatial and temporal separations between clients and freelancers, online labor markets (OLMs) are particularly susceptible to issues related to information asymmetry. Based on the economics of information, we hypothesize that the choice of contract type—i.e., between the fixed-priced (FP) contract and the time-and-materials (TM) contract—has important implications for curbing moral hazard during contract execution, and therefore will influence the client’s perceived contractual performance upon project completion. We test the predictions by assembling a dataset of data analytics projects completed by freelancers on Upwork, the largest online freelancing platform. We find that, consistent with our hypothesis, freelancers under a TM contract receive significantly lower performance ratings by their clients on average compared to those under an FP contract. Interestingly, we also find that the level of expertise required for a project moderates the effect of contract choice on client satisfaction; the negative impact of a TM contract is smaller (i.e., less negative) when a project requires intermediate-level or expert-level skills. Our study offers useful insights into an important institutional determinant of contractual performance evaluation, which has profound implications for freelancers’ reputations in OLMs. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: moral hazard Upwork analytical information system programming language Elance

Methods: regression analysis method propensity score matching experimental group theory development longitudinal research

Theories: lemon market theory agency theory
Revolutionizing Crowdworking Campaigns: Conquering Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard with the Help of Smart Contracts

2023 | International Conference on Information Systems | Citations: 0
Authors: Hupe, Anna; Bretschneider, Ulrich

Abstract: Crowdworking is increasingly being applied by companies to outsource tasks beyo ... Expand

Abstract: Crowdworking is increasingly being applied by companies to outsource tasks beyond their core competencies flexibly and cost-effectively to an unknown group. However, the anonymous and financially incentivized nature of crowdworkers creates information asymmetries and conflicts of interest, leading to inefficiencies and intensifying the principal-agent problem. Our paper offers a solution to the widespread problem of inefficient Crowdworking campaigns. We first derive the currently applied Crowdworking campaign process based on a qualitative study. Subsequently, we identify the broadest adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the process. We then analyze how the blockchain application of smart contracts can counteract those challenges and develop a process model that maps a Crowdworking campaign using smart contracts. We explain how our developed process significantly reduces adverse selection and moral hazard at each stage. Thus, our research provides approaches to make online labor more attractive and transparent for companies and online workers. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: smart contract moral hazard crowdsourcing blockchain platform work site

Methods: qualitative interview business process modeling qualitative coding theoretical contribution literature study

Theories: agency theory lemon market theory contract theory new institutional economics
SMARTER CROWDWORK BY APPLYING SMART CONTRACTS?

2023 | European Conference On Information Systems | Citations: 0
Authors: Hupe, Anna; Bretschneider, Ulrich

Abstract: Crowdworking is characterized by flexibly engaging a workforce that is recruite ... Expand

Abstract: Crowdworking is characterized by flexibly engaging a workforce that is recruited for only one task. After the task is completed, the crowdworker and the company do not collaborate anymore. To identify the best-suited crowdwoker for a certain task, crowd working platform providers offer different tools to match both parties. Matching a crowdworker with the required skills for a task is an important factor to complete a crowdworking campaign successfully. As of today, the principal agent theorem and high transaction costs decrease the effectiveness of such campaigns due to information asymmetries between crodworkers and crowdsourcers. Based on a qualitative approach, we structurally develop a currently existing crowdworking campaign process. We then theoretically analyze how smart contracts can support and simplify the identified process while reducing the challenges of transaction cost economics and the principal agent theorem. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: smart contract crowdsourcing platform work site blockchain anonymity

Methods: qualitative interview qualitative coding design science business process modeling

Theories: transaction cost economics lemon market theory agency theory
Trust or mistrust in algorithmic grading? An embedded agency perspective
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2023 | International Journal of Information Management | Citations: 0
Authors: Jackson, Stephen; Panteli, Niki

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly impact the educa ... Expand

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly impact the educational sector. One application of AI that has increasingly been applied is algorithmic grading. It is within this context that our study takes a focus on trust. While the concept of trust continues to grow in importance among AI researchers and practitioners, an investigation of trust/mistrust in algorithmic grading across multiple levels of analysis has so far been underresearched. In this paper, we argue the need for a model that encompasses the multi-layered nature of trust/ mistrust in AI. Drawing on an embedded agency perspective, a model is devised that examines top-down and bottom-up forces that can influence trust/mistrust in algorithmic grading. We illustrate how the model can be applied by drawing on the case of the International Baccalaureate (IB) program in 2020, whereby an algorithm was used to determine student grades. This paper contributes to the AI-trust literature by providing a fresh theoretical lens based on institutional theory to investigate the dynamic and multi-faceted nature of trust/ mistrust in algorithmic grading—an area that has seldom been explored, both theoretically and empirically. The study raises important implications for algorithmic design and awareness. Algorithms need to be designed in a transparent, fair, and ultimately a trustworthy manner. While an algorithm typically operates like a black box, whereby the underlying mechanisms are not apparent to those impacted by it, the purpose and an understanding of how the algorithm works should be communicated upfront and in a timely manner. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: artificial intelligence pandemic anonymity organization structure privacy

Methods: computational algorithm conceptual modelling qualitative coding theory development qualitative content analysis

Theories: institutional theory agency theory
Examining the role of E-government in controlling corruption: A longitudinal study
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2023 | Information & Management | Citations: 0
Authors: Silal, Prakrit; Jha, Ashutosh; Saha, Debashis

Abstract: Acknowledging the global relevance of controlling corruption, our study contribu ... Expand

Abstract: Acknowledging the global relevance of controlling corruption, our study contributes to the existing body of literature by exploring the relationship between E-Government (EGOV) and Corruption Control at the EGOV subindices level. Toward this, we draw upon theoretical insights from Resource-Based View (RBV), Media Lit eracy Theory, Agency Theory, Information Quality, and Transaction Cost Theory to derive a set of testable hypotheses. Using a panel dataset comprising 102 countries, we employ a Linear Mixed Effects (LME) estimation method to thoroughly investigate and uncover the relative effectiveness of EGOV subindices in controlling corruption. Accordingly, we draw implications for theory, praxis and future research. Collapse

Semantic filters: agency theory

Topics: human computer interaction data quality usability asset specificity accounting

Methods: post-hoc analysis cross sectional research longitudinal research theory development statistical hypothesis test

Theories: transaction cost economics agency theory resource based view of the firm lemon market theory

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Found 346 articles

Explainable artificial intelligence in information systems: A review of the status quo and future research directions

Blockchain-based Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance for Fractional Ownership: Design and Implementation of A Decentralized Autonomous Agent System

Challenges in the Model Development Process: Discussions with Data Scientists

Task delegation from AI to humans: A principal-agent perspective

Managing Uncertainty: An Experiment on Delegation and Team Selection

Contract Choice, Moral Hazard, and Performance Evaluation: Evidence from Online Labor Markets

Revolutionizing Crowdworking Campaigns: Conquering Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard with the Help of Smart Contracts

SMARTER CROWDWORK BY APPLYING SMART CONTRACTS?

Trust or mistrust in algorithmic grading? An embedded agency perspective

Examining the role of E-government in controlling corruption: A longitudinal study